In Star Wars when R2D2 and C3PO are sold to Luke Skywalker's uncle, he was looking for droids (thinking robots) to operate his farm equipment. Nobody asked - who made these things and who is at fault if they malfunction and burn down my workshop, destroy my equipment or injure anybody? The Star Wars script did not call for product malfunction and mayhem to create a personal injury law saga. However, Murphy's law is written into the script of real life. If accidents can happen, they will.
We have cars that parallel park themselves. We have Roomba vacuum cleaners that roll around the house on their own, moving from room to room, avoiding stairs, even plugging themselves into their docking station when their battery gets low. We have industrial robots in factories and robots used by the military in Iraq to detect and inspect bombs. The day is coming when robots will be moving around among us, operating not by direct human control but on artificial intelligence and other programs. Like the various products that have come before them, these robot devices will malfunction and injure people. It may be a car that drives itself through a cross-walk filled with pedestrians, or a janitorial robot bumping someone and knocking her down a flight of stairs, or a robot child caretaker that restrains a child and breaks his arm. Product failures and malfunctions are a fact of life that is not going to change.
Today when a machine or appliance causes a fire that burns down a house or kills people sleeping in their home, traditional product liability law determines responsibility for the loss of property or life. In these lawsuits, lawyers hire engineers to identify the malfunction that caused the fire and to determine whether that malfunction was caused by negligent design or negligent manufacture, alteration of the product during repairs or maintenance, abuse of the product, or a failure to warn about the fire hazard and what to do to prevent fires. In a typical defective product case, the cost for experts ranges from $75,000 to several hundreds of thousands of dollars. This litigation price tag alone prevents many legitimate cases from being brought - a form of tort control in and of itself.
Now along comes R2D2, adding artificial intelligence to the list of potential causes of product malfunction. The cost of litigation will be even greater as an additional class of experts will be needed to determine what part the computer software played in the malfunction. They will have to determine if the defect was in the original programming, or was it due to hacking or radio/ELF/microwave or other electrical interference, or to downloading a defective software patch, or downloading an updated version of the original program, or did the addition of a new program cause a conflict with the software in the robot in which the interaction of two non-defective programs caused a glitch that resulted in the injury? Determining the guilt or innocence of these ghosts within the machine will be difficult and expensive.
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